Function transformations. Suppose $f$ is a function, and $c>0$. The graph of

$y=f(x)+c$	is the graph of $f$ shifted $c$ units up
$y=f(x)-c$	is the graph of $f$ shifted $c$ units down
$y=f(x+c)$	is the graph of $f$ shifted $c$ units left
$y=f(x-c)$	is the graph of $f$ shifted $c$ units right

Now suppose $c>1$. The graph of

$y=cf(x)$	is the graph of $f$ stretched vertically by a factor $c$
$y=(\frac{1}{c})f(x)$	is the graph of $f$ compressed vertically by a factor $c$
$y=f(cx)$	is the graph of $f$ compressed horizontally by a factor $c$
$y=f(x/c)$	is the graph of $f$ stretched horizontally by a factor $c$
$y=-f(x)$	is the graph of $f$ reflected about the $x$-axis
$y=f(-x)$	is the graph of $f$ reflected about the $y$-axis